History of Ancient Israel

Israel and Judah were related Iron Age kingdoms of the ancient Levant. The Kingdom of Israel emerged as an important local power by the 10th century BCE before falling to the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 722 BCE. Israel's southern neighbor, the Kingdom of Judah, emerged in the 8th or 9th century BCE[1] and enjoyed a period of prosperity as a client-state of first Assyria and then Babylon before a revolt against the Neo-Babylonian Empire led to its destruction in 586 BCE. Following the fall of Babylon to the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 539 BCE, some Judean exiles returned to Jerusalem, inaugurating the formative period in the development of a distinctive Judahite identity in the Persian province of Yehud. Yehud was absorbed into the subsequent Hellenistic kingdoms that followed the conquests of Alexander the Great, but in the 2nd century BCE the Judaeans revolted against the Hellenist Seleucid Empire and created the Hasmonean kingdom. This, the last nominally independent Judean kingdom, came to an end in 63 BCE with its conquest by Pompey of Rome. With the installation of client kingdoms under the Herodian Dynasty, the Kingdom of Israel was wracked by civil disturbances which culminated in the First Jewish–Roman War, the destruction of the Temple, the emergence of Rabbinic Judaism and Early Christianity.

以色列和犹大是古地中海东部的相关铁器时代王国。以色列王国成为当地一个重要的力量在公元前10世纪坠落到新亚述帝国在公元前722年之前。以色列南部邻国，犹大王国，在8或前9世纪[1]出现，并享受了一段繁荣作为第一亚述的客户端状态，然后巴比伦反对新巴比伦王国的反叛之前导致其毁灭在公元前586年。继巴比伦的秋天到波斯国王居鲁士大帝于公元前539，一些犹太流亡者回到耶路撒冷，开创在Yehud的波斯省的一个独特Judahite身份发展的形成阶段。 Yehud被吸收到随后亚历山大大帝征服随后希腊王国，但在公元前2世纪的Judaeans反抗的人Hellenist塞琉古帝国，创造了哈斯蒙尼王国。这一点，在过去名义上独立王国犹大，结束了在公元前63与罗马的庞贝其征服。通过安装下的希律王朝客户端王国，以色列王国被最终于犹太战争，寺，拉比犹太教和早期基督教的出现破坏内乱毁坏。